Deskripsi

Technological advancements also transformed both language and literary production. The invention of the telegraph, typewriter, radio, television, and later the internet reshaped how English is written, spoken, and consumed. The digital age has birthed new genres—from hypertext fiction to social media poetry—and altered concepts of authorship, publication, and readership. Meanwhile, online platforms have accelerated language change, introducing slang, emojis, memes, and multimodal communication into everyday English.